The U.S. construction labor market in 2025 faces major challenges and opportunities shaped by regional differences. Labor shortages, rising wages, and high demand for specialized trades are creating unique pressures across the country. Key highlights:
- Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho lead in construction workforce share (over 9%), while states like Connecticut and Illinois lag behind (around 4.5%).
- 439,000 additional workers are needed nationally to meet demand in 2025.
- Skilled trades like electricians, pipefitters, and heavy equipment operators are in short supply, especially for manufacturing megaprojects.
- Wages are climbing – construction workers earn 24% more weekly than the average private-sector employee, with hourly rates reaching $39.33 on average.
- Hotspots like Texas, Ohio, and Arizona are experiencing intense labor competition due to large-scale projects, driving wages higher and causing delays.
Labor trends vary by region:
- Sun Belt and Midwest: High demand for industrial and energy projects.
- Northeast and West Coast: Persistent shortages in specialized trades, compounded by high living costs.
- Mountain West and Southwest: Struggles with workforce mobilization for remote projects.
For contractors, workforce planning and competitive wages are critical. Workers with certifications (e.g., OSHA, AWS) can secure higher pay and better opportunities, especially in high-demand areas. Digital platforms like ABLEMKR are helping connect workers and contractors efficiently, addressing labor gaps in key regions.
National Construction Labor Outlook in 2025
National Hiring and Employment Trends
The U.S. construction labor market continues to face challenges, with demand expected to require an additional 439,000 workers in 2025 alone. Between 2024 and mid-2025, the sector added 210,000 jobs, including a boost of 11,000 positions in April 2025 – highlighting the industry’s resilience in the face of economic pressures.
Labor needs tend to rise alongside increased spending. According to ABC’s workforce model, every $1 billion in inflation-adjusted construction spending generates about 3,550 new jobs. However, a quicker drop in interest rates could worsen labor shortages across various trades.
Job growth in early 2025 was concentrated in nonresidential building (4,000 positions), residential specialty trades (4,000), and nonresidential specialty trades (5,000). Meanwhile, residential building and civil construction each lost around 1,000 jobs, reflecting the sensitivity of homebuilding to interest rates and the uneven pace of infrastructure project launches.
Wages remain a key factor in the construction labor market. Over the past year, average hourly earnings in construction rose 4.4%, reaching $39.33 – significantly higher than the $36.06 average for the broader private sector, which translates to a 24% premium in weekly earnings. Specialized roles in mechanical and electrical trades saw annual wage growth of over 4%, while entry-level laborers experienced a 21% pay increase from 2021 to 2024, with salaries hitting approximately $46,050 by May 2024.
The workforce is also undergoing a demographic shift. For the first time since 2011, the median age of construction workers has dropped below 42, reflecting a wave of younger workers drawn by competitive wages and better career opportunities. While recent immigration trends have slightly eased labor shortages, potential policy changes could tighten worker availability, especially in regions and trades heavily reliant on foreign-born labor.
These national trends reveal contrasting dynamics between residential and nonresidential construction sectors.
Residential vs. Nonresidential Demand
The residential and nonresidential construction sectors operate under distinct economic pressures, creating two different labor markets. Residential construction, especially single-family homebuilding, is highly sensitive to interest rates. Rising borrowing costs have slowed new home construction, but a national housing deficit of about 3.2 million homes continues to support demand for homebuilding and renovation. Within the sector, job losses in residential building contrast with growth in specialty trades, signaling a shift toward renovation and repair work.
Nonresidential construction tells a different story. Federal infrastructure investments, particularly through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), are pouring billions into public works projects like highways, bridges, and utilities, ensuring a steady stream of labor-intensive projects through 2025.
Manufacturing projects have become a driving force in nonresidential construction. Currently, over 20% of nonresidential construction spending goes toward manufacturing facilities, reflecting a surge in projects like semiconductor plants, battery factories, data centers, and renewable energy installations. These large-scale projects are absorbing a significant share of the skilled labor force, particularly electricians, equipment operators, and specialized mechanical trades. In some regions, high-profile manufacturing and data-center projects have intensified labor shortages, leading to higher wages and bonuses to attract workers.
The labor demands of these two sectors also highlight differences in the types of skilled trades that are most in demand. Residential construction relies more on carpenters, framers, roofers, and general laborers – roles that, while experiencing wage growth, are generally easier to staff. In contrast, nonresidential megaprojects require highly specialized tradespeople, such as journeyman electricians, instrumentation technicians, pipefitters, welders, and heavy equipment operators, where shortages are more acute.
Workforce Challenges and Opportunities
Despite strong hiring trends and rising wages, the construction industry continues to grapple with a persistent shortage of skilled workers. These gaps are a major cause of project delays, as contractors and subcontractors struggle to staff their worksites adequately.
The shortage isn’t evenly distributed across all roles. While entry-level positions have become easier to fill due to higher wages and a younger workforce, there are still significant gaps in mid- to high-skill roles. Trades like journeyman electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians, heavy equipment operators, and foremen require years of training, and the current pipeline of workers entering these roles hasn’t kept pace with demand. Large-scale projects are further straining the availability of experienced tradespeople.
High-profile manufacturing and data-center projects have placed additional pressure on smaller contractors, forcing them to raise wages, extend work schedules, or even turn down projects altogether. Even as the broader economy shows signs of slowing, these structural labor shortages – combined with uneven regional distribution of talent – continue to drive up costs, delay projects, and reduce overall construction output.
In response to these challenges, the industry is expanding apprenticeship programs and trade-school initiatives to address the skilled labor gap. Contractors warn that failing to attract enough workers could lead to escalating labor costs and a reduction in the number of viable projects nationwide.
Regional Construction Labor Trends
High-Demand Regions and Project Drivers
The demand for construction labor in 2025 varies significantly across the United States. Regions like the Sun Belt and Midwest are under intense hiring pressure due to federal infrastructure investments, manufacturing reshoring, energy projects, and population increases.
Texas is at the forefront of construction job growth, adding 28,600 jobs between May 2024 and May 2025. This surge stems from a diverse array of projects, including oil and gas facilities along the Gulf Coast, renewable energy installations in West Texas, LNG export terminals, and extensive highway and utility upgrades funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). Texas’s favorable business climate and absence of state income tax continue to attract both projects and workers from higher-cost areas.
In the Midwest, a manufacturing boom is reshaping the labor market. States like Ohio have added approximately 17,000 jobs, fueled by semiconductor, EV, and advanced manufacturing projects supported by the CHIPS Act and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). These large-scale projects require substantial workforces, particularly skilled trades like electricians, millwrights, and instrumentation technicians. This demand has created fierce competition for talent across Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin.
Other Sun Belt states – such as Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama – are also seeing heightened demand. Population growth supports residential and light commercial construction, while federal infrastructure funding drives highway, bridge, and transit projects. Additionally, utility and grid modernization efforts, partly incentivized by the IRA, are creating further demand for skilled electrical and civil trades.
In the Mountain West and Southwest, labor markets are feeling the strain in specific pockets. States like Arizona and Nevada are tackling large-scale data center developments and industrial facilities, while remote energy and mining projects in New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado face challenges with workforce mobilization and retention due to their isolated locations and limited local housing options.
Nonresidential construction spending has shifted, with over 20% now allocated to manufacturing projects. This trend is pulling skilled labor away from traditional commercial and infrastructure projects, prompting some contractors to raise wages or even scale back operations. While these drivers spur growth, they also bring unique challenges in each region.
In contrast, the Northeast and West Coast are experiencing slower job growth overall, but shortages persist in specialized trades. States like New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania are seeing demand for transit megaprojects, healthcare and education construction, and grid modernization. However, high living expenses, aging workforces, and lengthy permitting processes limit labor availability, keeping wages elevated even as project activity moderates.
The West Coast, including California, Washington, and Oregon, presents a mixed picture. While residential and commercial construction has slowed due to high interest rates and regulatory costs, renewable energy projects, water infrastructure upgrades, and technology facilities continue to drive demand for specialized skills. Strict environmental and labor regulations, coupled with high housing costs, make it difficult to attract workers from other regions, further driving up wages.
Regional Labor Challenges
Despite the strong demand for construction jobs, several challenges complicate workforce stability. In the Northeast and parts of the Midwest, an aging workforce is creating gaps in skilled roles like journeyman electricians, HVAC technicians, and heavy equipment operators.
Immigration policies also play a significant role. In some areas, 15–23% of foreign-born workers lack permanent legal status. Tighter immigration enforcement has reduced the available workforce in key regions like the Sun Belt and coastal areas, where project pipelines are particularly active.
Housing and living costs add another layer of difficulty, especially in coastal metropolitan areas. High housing expenses in the Northeast and West Coast often consume a large portion of workers’ earnings, making it challenging to attract or retain talent. This has driven some workers to more affordable regions like the Sun Belt and Midwest, exacerbating labor shortages in high-cost areas.
Lengthy regulatory and environmental reviews in states like California and New York further complicate workforce development. Contractors may hesitate to invest in training and retention when project timelines remain uncertain, and workers often migrate to regions with more consistent opportunities.
In regions with clusters of manufacturing and data center megaprojects – such as the Midwest and parts of the South – local labor markets are struggling to meet the demand for both core and specialty trades. Contractors often face challenges in staffing multiple large projects simultaneously, leading to aggressive wage competition, extended timelines, and delays. Surveys show that 45% of contractors have experienced project delays due to worker shortages, and 78% report difficulty filling craft positions.
Skill shortages vary by region. Manufacturing-heavy areas face acute shortages of electricians, instrumentation technicians, and millwrights. Rapidly growing urban areas struggle to recruit trades for residential and commercial construction, while disaster-prone regions experience periodic spikes in demand for roofers, framers, and repair crews, creating temporary but severe bottlenecks.
Regional Comparison Analysis
The table below highlights regional labor trends, emphasizing key distinctions and challenges. This overview helps contractors strategize recruitment, adjust bids, and plan workforce investments effectively.
| Region | Labor Shortages | Wage Pressure | Primary Skill Gaps | Key Project Drivers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Belt / South (TX, FL, GA, NC, SC, TN, AL) | High | Above-average wage growth with bonuses and premiums | Electricians, mechanical trades, heavy equipment operators | Energy projects (oil, gas, renewables), petrochemicals, IIJA-funded highways/utilities, residential growth |
| Midwest (OH, MI, IN, WI, IL, MN) | Very High | Strong wage escalation in industrial corridors | Electricians, millwrights, instrumentation technicians | Semiconductor fabs, EV/battery plants, logistics hubs, IIJA transportation |
| Mountain West / Southwest (AZ, NV, CO, UT, NM) | High (with localized extremes) | High; per-diem and travel premiums required | Electricians, civil trades, equipment operators | Data centers, renewable energy, mining, remote utility/energy projects |
| Northeast (NY, MA, NJ, PA, CT) | Moderate to High | Elevated wage baselines; slower growth but persistent shortages | Specialized electrical, elevator mechanics, heavy civil operators | Transit megaprojects, healthcare/education, grid modernization |
| West Coast (CA, WA, OR) | Moderate | High wage baselines due to strict regulations | Specialized electrical and renewable energy trades | Renewables, grid upgrades, water infrastructure, tech facilities |
Regions with severe labor shortages – like the Midwest manufacturing corridor – face an imbalance between job openings and available talent. This forces contractors to compete for a limited pool of skilled workers, pushing wages higher and increasing project costs.
TOP 3 Trades with SEVERE Labor Shortages in 2025!
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State and Metro-Level Trends
Taking a closer look beyond national and regional patterns, state and metro-level data reveal where wage growth and labor demand are hitting hardest.
States with the Highest Wage Growth
Construction wages are rising fastest in states where booming projects and growing populations collide with limited labor pools. The Mountain West and Sun Belt are leading the way, with Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, and Florida showing the steepest wage increases in 2025.
In these states, construction jobs make up 8–11% of total employment, and wages are climbing faster than both the construction sector and private-sector averages overall. This highlights the ongoing national trend of labor shortages and rising pay driven by high-demand projects.
One major factor? Manufacturing megaprojects. Over 20% of nonresidential construction spending now goes toward manufacturing facilities, concentrating hiring and wage pressures in states hosting semiconductor plants, electric vehicle factories, and battery production sites. States like Ohio, Tennessee, and Arizona are seeing fierce competition for skilled trades like electricians and welders, fueled by federal investments through the CHIPS and Science Act and the Inflation Reduction Act.
Federal infrastructure spending is adding even more strain. States with major highway, grid, and renewable energy projects funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act are seeing steady wage growth as contractors compete for the same skilled workers needed for industrial projects. Meanwhile, slower-growth states in the Northeast, such as Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, are experiencing more modest wage increases. While baseline wages remain high in these states due to living costs, the pace of growth lags behind high-demand regions.
In fast-growing states, construction workers are earning well above state averages. Electricians, heavy equipment operators, and specialized trades are especially in demand, often commanding top dollar. These state-level trends are setting the stage for even fiercer competition in major metro areas.
Metro Areas with High Skilled Labor Demand
Metro regions tied to industrial, energy, and data center projects are grappling with the tightest labor markets in 2025. These areas not only have higher-than-average construction job shares and pay scales but also face ongoing shortages in specialized trades.
Cities like Phoenix, Austin, Dallas–Fort Worth, Houston, Atlanta, Nashville, Raleigh–Durham, Columbus, and Northern Virginia are at the center of the action. These metros are juggling overlapping project pipelines, including semiconductor plants, EV and battery factories, data centers, healthcare expansions, and large-scale infrastructure work.
For example, in Northern Virginia, data center construction continues to grow steadily. Skanska notes that additional activity in North Carolina is expected to "increase pressure on the local labor market". Electrical and mechanical trades are in particularly high demand, with project timelines increasingly dictated by worker availability rather than material delays.
In Phoenix and Austin, the competition for skilled trades like electricians, welders, and pipefitters has driven up wages and stretched project schedules. Houston and Dallas–Fort Worth remain strong due to energy infrastructure projects – ranging from oil and gas facilities to renewable energy initiatives – that require large crews of skilled workers. Along the Gulf Coast, the energy sector is drawing labor from other regions, further tightening local markets.
In the Midwest, Columbus is emerging as a key player. Ohio’s manufacturing boom, driven by semiconductor and EV investments, has created acute shortages of electricians, millwrights, and mechanical trades. Local contractors are struggling to staff multiple large projects at once, leading to aggressive wage competition and delays.
When construction accounts for a significant share of local employment, major projects can quickly absorb the available workforce, worsening shortages and pushing wages higher. Platforms like ABLEMKR are helping address these challenges by matching certified workers to high-priority projects. By leveraging worker profiles that include certifications, safety training, and location, ABLEMKR connects contractors with qualified candidates across construction, energy, and infrastructure sectors.
In-Demand Skilled Trades
In addition to geographic hotspots, specific trades are in critically short supply, adding to market pressures. Electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians, welders, heavy equipment operators, and supervisory roles are particularly sought after. Workers with certifications like OSHA 10/30, AWS, and NCCER are commanding premium wages.
The demand for certain trades depends on the type of project. In residential-heavy metros, contractors often need carpenters, electricians, HVAC technicians, and equipment operators for multifamily developments and site work. Meanwhile, industrial and energy hubs prioritize electricians, welders, pipefitters, millwrights, and instrumentation technicians. Infrastructure-focused regions consistently require heavy equipment operators, concrete finishers, ironworkers, and linemen.
In areas hosting both semiconductor fabs and highway projects, the competition for electricians and equipment operators is especially intense, driving wages even higher.
Workers with state licenses, nationally recognized certifications, and safety credentials (like OSHA 10/30, MSHA, NCCER, and AWS) enjoy higher earning potential and priority access to high-risk projects. For example, a welder with AWS certification and OSHA 30 training can earn significantly more than a peer without these qualifications. In many metro areas with large industrial, energy, or infrastructure builds, contractors require these credentials just to grant site access, narrowing the labor pool and pushing wages upward.
Technology platforms like ABLEMKR are stepping in to help contractors find fully certified workers quickly. By using digital profiles that include certifications and safety training, these platforms make it easier to identify qualified candidates and support higher pay for credentialed workers.
A national survey by the Associated General Contractors found that 92% of construction firms are struggling to fill some or all craft positions, and 45% are experiencing project delays due to worker shortages. To meet demand, the industry will need 439,000 net new workers in 2025. This shortage is particularly severe in areas with manufacturing and data center megaprojects underway. For workers, this translates to strong earning potential and job stability – provided they maintain the certifications and skills that employers value.
What This Means for Contractors and Workers
The labor trends shaping 2025 are creating a unique mix of challenges and opportunities for contractors and workers in the construction industry. Contractors are under pressure to staff projects in increasingly tight labor markets, while workers stand to gain better pay and opportunities – if they focus on obtaining the right credentials.
Contractor Strategies
Regional labor shortages are pushing contractors to rethink how they manage staffing, project timelines, and bidding strategies. When multiple large-scale projects compete for the same skilled workers, such as electricians or welders, delays and rising costs become inevitable. To stay ahead, contractors are turning to data-driven workforce planning.
The Associated Builders and Contractors estimate that every additional $1 billion in construction spending generates roughly 3,550 jobs. For instance, a $500 million semiconductor plant in a metro area with another major project could require competing for about 1,775 additional workers. This kind of competition highlights the importance of proactive planning.
Wage planning is another critical piece of the puzzle. With average wages hitting $39.33 per hour and even higher rates in high-demand states like Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho, contractors must adjust pay to attract skilled labor. Using reliable regional data, contractors can offer competitive wages for in-demand trades while avoiding overspending on general labor.
Digital tools are also helping contractors address these challenges. Platforms like ABLEMKR connect contractors with pre-vetted workers based on certifications, safety training, and availability. This streamlined approach allows contractors to quickly fill gaps for urgent jobs, such as pipeline repairs or industrial builds. ABLEMKR even acts as a staffing partner, handling candidate vetting and offering flexible hiring models like temporary workers, flex-to-hire arrangements, and direct placements. Additionally, contractors with projects across multiple states can redeploy workers from slower regions to high-demand areas, keeping their workforce productive and reducing downtime.
As contractors adapt to these shifts, workers also have new ways to capitalize on the changing labor market.
Worker Opportunities
For workers, the labor shortages of 2025 translate into higher earning potential and greater job stability – if they position themselves wisely. The best opportunities lie in industrial and energy hubs, where demand for skilled labor is soaring.
Relocating or commuting to high-demand areas can significantly boost earnings. In states like Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho, where construction makes up 9% to 11% of total employment, wages are climbing faster than in the broader construction and private sectors. For instance, a welder or electrician moving from a slower Northeast market to a booming Sun Belt city could earn more while benefiting from lower living costs.
Even those who prefer to stay local can maximize their opportunities by targeting the right projects. Federal infrastructure initiatives, large-scale manufacturing, and renewable energy projects often offer better pay and stability compared to residential construction. Workers with certifications like OSHA 10/30, AWS, NCCER, or MSHA credentials can command premium wages and enjoy greater mobility. Interestingly, the construction workforce is also getting younger, with the median worker now under age 42 for the first time since 2011.
Platforms like ABLEMKR further empower workers by offering direct access to well-paying jobs in construction, energy, and infrastructure sectors. Through its mobile app, workers can browse job listings, view detailed postings, and book appointments – all with transparency around pay, timelines, and employer ratings. Benefits like W2 employment, workers’ compensation coverage, and timely payments reduce many of the traditional hassles associated with job hunting.
Technology’s Role in Workforce Deployment
Digital platforms are transforming how contractors and workers connect, especially in high-demand regions. Traditional hiring methods, such as word-of-mouth referrals, can’t keep up with the scale of today’s megaprojects. Technology bridges this gap by streamlining hiring, onboarding, and compliance processes.
ABLEMKR, for example, matches workers to job sites based on certifications, safety training, availability, and location. This ensures crews are mobilized quickly for urgent or scheduled projects. Verified skills assessments also minimize the risk of hiring unqualified workers, improving safety on-site.
For contractors, features like real-time worker tracking, integrated payroll, and compliance monitoring are game-changers, particularly for large or multi-location projects. Workers, on the other hand, gain access to more opportunities and better control over their schedules through mobile apps, along with direct communication channels with employers.
These platforms do more than just fill immediate staffing needs – they build long-term relationships. Contractors can prioritize top-performing workers for future projects, while workers gain access to steady, well-paying jobs. This creates a cycle of trust and performance that benefits everyone.
Key Takeaways from 2025 Regional Labor Trends
The construction labor market in 2025 is marked by shortages, regional disparities, and increasing wages. Factors like location and project type are playing a significant role in shaping labor availability and costs. For anyone involved in project planning, hiring, or navigating the industry, understanding these trends is essential.
The industry faces a demand for 439,000 new workers, with 78% of firms struggling to fill positions and 45% experiencing project delays. This isn’t just a short-term issue – it’s a structural challenge that will influence how projects are planned, bid on, and executed across the United States.
Regional differences are becoming more pronounced. Areas with large-scale projects, such as manufacturing megaprojects, data centers, and infrastructure developments, are experiencing the greatest labor shortages and fastest wage increases. The Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and key energy corridors are particularly affected. For example, the North Carolina/Virginia corridor is under significant strain due to advanced manufacturing and data center projects, which are monopolizing craft labor and driving local wages higher. Nationwide, over 20% of nonresidential construction spending now goes toward manufacturing projects, creating intense demand for specialized trades like mechanical, electrical, and industrial work. These regional trends demand strategic workforce planning.
Wages in construction remain under pressure, with workers earning about 24% more per week than the average private-sector employee. In hot-spot regions, wage increases are even steeper, and employers are relying on premiums, per diems, and other incentives to attract skilled workers willing to travel.
The workforce is also getting younger. For the first time since 2011, the median age of construction workers has dropped below 42. This younger demographic could provide long-term stability if the industry continues to invest in training, safety measures, and clear career pathways.
Immigration policy is another critical factor influencing labor supply. Regions that depend heavily on foreign-born workers are more vulnerable to sudden disruptions, which can further widen disparities in labor costs and project timelines.
Both contractors and workers must adjust to these evolving conditions. For contractors, labor has become a strategic priority, requiring multi-year workforce planning, flexible deployment across regions, and greater use of technology. Digital platforms like ABLEMKR, which match pre-vetted workers to job sites based on certifications, safety training, and location, are becoming essential tools for managing workforce needs. For workers, the high demand, rising pay, and increased mobility present opportunities for those with the right skills and a willingness to relocate or travel to high-demand areas.
Project type is just as important as location in determining labor availability and costs. Understanding these regional dynamics is key to effective project planning and workforce management in 2025.
FAQs
How can contractors overcome skilled labor shortages in high-demand areas like the Sun Belt and Midwest?
Contractors facing skilled labor shortages can address these challenges with workforce platforms like ABLEMKR. This tool makes it easier to match pre-screened, certified workers with projects by factoring in their availability, location, and qualifications.
With its ability to simplify hiring, onboarding, and compliance, ABLEMKR allows companies to assemble crews quickly and keep essential projects moving forward. It’s a win-win solution – contractors fill labor gaps efficiently, while workers gain access to dependable, well-paying job opportunities.
How are rising wages in the construction industry impacting project budgets and schedules across regions?
Rising wages in the construction industry are having a noticeable impact on project budgets and timelines across the United States. With labor costs climbing, contractors are forced to dedicate more of their funds to staffing, which can place added pressure on already tight budgets. This issue is especially pronounced in areas facing labor shortages, where the demand for skilled workers pushes wages even higher.
On top of that, increased wages can create delays in project schedules. Many companies find it challenging to secure and retain the skilled workforce they need to meet deadlines. To navigate these hurdles, contractors must strike a careful balance – offering competitive pay while implementing smart workforce management strategies to keep their projects running smoothly and within budget.
How do digital platforms help connect skilled workers with construction projects and address labor shortages?
Digital platforms have transformed how skilled workers connect with construction projects, making the hiring process smoother and workforce deployment more efficient. By leveraging advanced technology, these platforms match pre-screened workers to job sites based on key factors like certifications, safety training, availability, and proximity.
Platforms such as ABLEMKR simplify the entire process – handling hiring, onboarding, and compliance – so companies can quickly assemble crews for important projects. This approach not only addresses labor shortages but also ensures workers find opportunities that suit their skills and schedules, fostering a more effective and dependable labor market.
